Avaliação do programa "SmokeOut-i" na prevenção do tabagismo em contexto escolar / Evaluation of the "SmokeOut-i" program in the prevention of smoking in schools

Este estudo, aplicado em um distrito do Norte de Portugal, teve como objetivo avaliar a eficácia do programa de prevenção do tabagismo "SmokeOut-I" em alunos do 6º ano, por sexo. O programa "SmokeOut-I" foi elaborado no âmbito de um projeto financiado pela Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT), sendo desenvolvido no Centro de Investigação em Estudos da Criança (CIEC) da Universidade do Minho, em Braga, Portugal, objetivando prevenir o consumo de tabaco em crianças e jovens. É um programa multidisciplinar focado na prevenção do tabagismo. Realizou-se um estudo quasi-experimental, tipo pré/pós-teste, com um grupo experimental (n=163), a quem foi aplicado o programa, e um grupo de controle (n=148), em 2014/2015. Ambos os grupos preencheram o mesmo questionário, no pré e pós-teste. Os resultados inter e intragrupos foram comparados usando estatística inferencial. A intervenção foi eficaz na melhoria dos conhecimentos/crenças sobre tabagismo, com resultados positivos na prevenção do comportamento face ao consumo de tabaco. Estudos longitudinais permitirão compreender a sua persistência no tempo.

This study, applied in a district in the North of Portugal, aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the "SmokeOut-I" smoking prevention program in 6th grade students, by sex. The "SmokeOut-I" program was developed as part of a project financed by the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT), being developed at the Research Center for Child Studies (CIEC) at the University of Minho, in Braga, Portugal, aiming to prevent tobacco consumption in children and young people. It is a multidisciplinary program focused on the prevention of smoking. A quasi-experimental study, pre / post-test type, was carried out with an experimental group (n = 163), to whom the program was applied, and a control group (n = 148), in 2014/2015. Both groups completed the same questionnaire, in the pre and post-test. Inter- and intragroup results were compared using inferential statistics. The intervention was effective in improving knowledge / beliefs about smoking, with positive results in preventing behavior in the face of tobacco consumption. Longitudinal studies will help to understand its persistence over time.

Prevalence of Portuguese Children Exposed to Secondhand Smoke at Home and in the Car.

INTRODUCTION: Children's exposure to secondhand smoke is a cause of serious health problems and infant morbidity. This is the first nationally representative study conducted in Portugal to describe the prevalence of children exposed to secondhand smoke at home and in the car. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study with a representative sample of 2396 Portuguese children aged 0 to 9 years old, stratified by age and administrative region NUTS II. Questionnaires were administered between January and September 2016. RESULTS: Results showed that 6.1% of mothers and 11.2% of fathers reported smoking at home. It was found that 4.5% of mothers and 8.3% of fathers reported smoking in the car. Results also showed that 5.4% of children were double exposed to secondhand smoke at home and in the car. Children whose parents were smokers and had a lower level of education were more exposed to secondhand smoke at home. DISCUSSION: Children's exposure to secondhand smoke has been decreasing in Portugal. Parental smoking and a low educational level were risk factors for children's exposure to secondhand smoke at home. CONCLUSION: The main source of children's exposure to secondhand smoke is parental smoking. As such, it is crucial to implement effective measures to control parental smoking. It is necessary to promote smoking cessation among parents and to ban smoking inside the car.

Introdução: A exposição das crianças ao fumo ambiental do tabaco é uma importante causa de graves problemas de saúde e morbilidade infantil. Este é o primeiro estudo com representatividade nacional realizado em Portugal a descrever a prevalência de crianças expostas ao fumo ambiental do tabaco em casa e no carro. Material e Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal descritivo que inclui uma amostra representativa de 2396 crianças portuguesas dos 0 aos 9 anos de idade, estratificada por idade e por região administrativa NUTS II. A aplicação de questionários decorreu entre janeiro e setembro de 2016. Resultados: Verifica-se que 6,1% das mães e 11,2% dos pais fumam no domicílio. Constata-se que 4,5% das mães e 8,3% dos pais fumam no carro. Verifica-se também que 5,4% das crianças estão duplamente expostas ao fumo ambiental do tabaco em casa e no carro. As crianças cujos pais são fumadores e com menor nível de escolaridade, estão mais expostas ao fumo ambiental do tabaco em casa. Discussão: A exposição das crianças ao fumo ambiental do tabaco tem diminuído em Portugal. Ainda assim, o consumo de tabaco dos pais e um baixo nível de escolaridade são fatores de risco para a exposição das crianças em casa. Conclusão: Uma vez que a principal fonte de exposição das crianças ao fumo ambiental do tabaco é o tabagismo dos pais, é necessário promover a cessação tabágica junto dos mesmos, assim como implementar a proibição de fumar no carro.

Children's exposure to second hand smoke at home: a cross-sectional study in Portugal.

Second-hand tobacco smoke (SHS) is a major indoor pollutant that causes serious health problems for all exposed, especially children. Children are often exposed to SHS at home, due to parental or other households' or guests' smoking. This study describes Portuguese children's exposure to SHS at home (total and by Portuguese main regions). In 2010/2011, a questionnaire was applied to a sample of Portuguese children in the 4th grade (N=3187, mean age 9.05±0.7 years, 51.1% male). Descriptive analysis, chi-square tests and crude odds ratios were performed. Of the participants, 62.9% of those with smoking parents and 19.2% of those with non-smoking parents were exposed to SHS at their home. Parental smoking varied significantly among regions and was significantly associated with children's exposure to SHS at home. Children's exposure to SHS at home was high, especially if their parents smoke. Children living in Lisbon Region presented the highest SHS exposure rate. The association of SHS exposure with geographic regions suggests the influence of social and contextual factors on smoking behaviour and on tobacco control effectiveness. Our findings highlight the need to effectively prevent children's SHS exposure at their home and to develop tailored tobacco control measures by region.

Portuguese children's exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke in the family car.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the prevalence of children's exposure to second-hand smoke in the family car; to compare exposure among children with smoking and non-smoking parents. METHODS: In 2011, a self-administered questionnaire was applied to a 4th grade Portuguese children national sample (N=3187, mean age 9.5 ± 0.7, 51.1% boys). Prevalence rates and chi-square tests were computed. RESULTS: Of the participants, 52.0% reported having, at least, one smoking parent. Overall exposure in the car was 28.9% (95% CI 27.3-30.5). Children's exposure among those reporting smoking parents was 46.9% (95% CI 44.4-49.4); and 8.6% (95% CI 7.1-10.1) among those reporting non-smoking parents (p<.001). Therefore, children with smoking parents were 5.44 times more likely to be exposed. CONCLUSIONS: Children's exposure to second-hand smoke in the family car is frequent, especially if one or both parents smoke. This highlights the need for effective tobacco control measures to prevent this severe health hazard.

Family variables as moderators between beliefs towards medicines and adherence to self-care behaviors and medication in type 2 diabetes.

This study analyzed whether family variables such as marital adjustment, partner support, family coping, and family stress moderated the relationship between negative beliefs about medicines and adherence to self-care behaviors (diet, glucose monitoring, exercise, foot care, and medication), in Type 2 diabetes patients. The sample was composed of 387 individuals with Type 2 diabetes, diagnosed in the past 12 months. Patients were assessed on self-care behaviors in diabetes, medication adherence, beliefs about medicines, family coping, family stress, marital adjustment, and partner support. The results showed marital adjustment, family coping, partner support, and family stress as moderators in the relationship between negative beliefs and adherence. Patients with negative beliefs regarding medicines, but who reported good marital adjustment and family coping were more likely to test their blood glucose; and if they reported low support from their partners were less likely to adhere to their prescribed diet. Finally, patients with negative beliefs about medicines, but who reported high family stress, were less likely to take their medication. The results emphasize the importance of family variables on adherence to self-care behaviors and medication. This study revealed the importance of including partners on interventions regarding Type 2 diabetes because they seem to play an important role in patient's adherence.

Adaptação do questionário de confiança no médico em pacientes com diabetes tipo 2 e seus companheiros / Adaptation of trust in physician scale for patients with type 2 diabetes and their partners

O presente estudo teve como objetivo estudar as características psicométricas do Trust in Physician Scale numa amostra Portuguesa de diabéticos tipo 2 e seus companheiros. Participaram no estudo 340 diabéticos diagnosticados no ano anterior a avaliação e respectivos companheiros. O estudo da validade revelou dois fatores que explicaram 53,66% da variância total: "Escala de Confiança na Relação" que explica 40,28% da variância e "Escala de Confiança na Competência" que explica 13,38%, nos diabéticos, e 53,56% da variância total, 41,43% e 12,12% respectivamente. A escala apresenta boa validade convergente estando correlacionada com a adesão à medicação e uma boa validade descriminante em termos de idade e gênero reunindo as condições para ser utilizado em pacientes diabéticos Portugueses e seus companheiros.(AU)

The present study focused on the psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of Trust in Physician Scale (TPS) in a sample of Portuguese type 2 diabetics and their partners. Three hundred and forty diabetics diagnosed in the year prior to the assessment participated in the study as well as their partners. The validity study revealed two factors that explained 53.66% of the total variance: "Trust in Relationship" explains 40.28% of the variance and "Trust in Competence" explains 13.38% of the variance for the diabetics; and for their partners 53.56% of total variance, 41.43% and 12.12%, respectively. The scale shows good convergent validity being correlated with adherence to medication and a good descriminant validity in terms of age and gender validity gathering the necessary conditions for its use with Portuguese diabetic patients and their partners.(AU)

Adaptação do questionário de confiança no médico em pacientes com diabetes tipo 2 e seus companheiros / Adaptation of trust in physician scale for patients with type 2 diabetes and their partners

O presente estudo teve como objetivo estudar as características psicométricas do Trust in Physician Scale numa amostra Portuguesa de diabéticos tipo 2 e seus companheiros. Participaram no estudo 340 diabéticos diagnosticados no ano anterior a avaliação e respectivos companheiros. O estudo da validade revelou dois fatores que explicaram 53,66% da variância total: "Escala de Confiança na Relação" que explica 40,28% da variância e "Escala de Confiança na Competência" que explica 13,38%, nos diabéticos, e 53,56% da variância total, 41,43% e 12,12% respectivamente. A escala apresenta boa validade convergente estando correlacionada com a adesão à medicação e uma boa validade descriminante em termos de idade e gênero reunindo as condições para ser utilizado em pacientes diabéticos Portugueses e seus companheiros...

The present study focused on the psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of Trust in Physician Scale (TPS) in a sample of Portuguese type 2 diabetics and their partners. Three hundred and forty diabetics diagnosed in the year prior to the assessment participated in the study as well as their partners. The validity study revealed two factors that explained 53.66% of the total variance: "Trust in Relationship" explains 40.28% of the variance and "Trust in Competence" explains 13.38% of the variance for the diabetics; and for their partners 53.56% of total variance, 41.43% and 12.12%, respectively. The scale shows good convergent validity being correlated with adherence to medication and a good descriminant validity in terms of age and gender validity gathering the necessary conditions for its use with Portuguese diabetic patients and their partners...